Andrei Sakharov was a nuclear physicist in the former Soviet Union who became uneasy about the human rights issues around the work he was doing. He became an advocate of civil liberties and reforms, being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.
Poster Text: Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to solve one of the oldest and most difficult problems in the world: the conflict between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East. Tensions between these groups grew worse when at separate state for the Jewish people, the nation of Israel, was created in 1948 from the Arab state of Palestine. The Arabs immediately attacked the new nation of Israel. And Israel and the Arab nations, including Egypt, became bitter enemies. In the years that followed, Israelis and Arabs fought several brief but violent wars. The Arab countries were determined to destroy Israel, and the Israelis fought back aggressively.
Anwar Sadat was on Egyptian military office who took part in efforts to overthrow hsi nations government in the 1940s. Later he became Egypt's Vice President under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. When Mr. Nasser died in 1970, Mr. Sadat took over. He called for Israel to return land it had taken from Egypt in a 1967 war. But in 1977, President Sadat began discussions with Israeli leader Menachem Begin about ways to end the conflict between their two nations.
Mr. Begin was one of many people who fought during the 1930s and 1940s for the creation of Israel. After Israel was formed, Mr. Begin served in the Israeli Parliament which is called the Knesset. He became the Prime Minister of Israel in 1977.
Together with U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Mr. Sadat and Mr. Begin met for peace talks. The talks resulted in an agreement that called for Israel to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip. It als called for a formal peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. And it said Israel must take steps to give Palestinian Arabs in the West region their own government. The agreement, which became known as the Camp David Accords, won Mr. Sadat and Mr. Begin the Nobel Peace Prize.
Sadly President Sadat was killed in 1981 by Arabs opposed to peace with Israel. And after Mr. Begin resigned as Prime Minister in 1983, he took little part in Israeli politics. He died in 1992.
Even though some parts of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty have not been fulfilled, the agreement was an important first step toward peace in the Middle East.
Buffy Sainte-Marie quotes ~
• “He's the one who gives his body
as a weapon to a war
and without him all this killing can't go on
He's the universal soldier
and he really is to blame
His orders come from far away no more
They come from him, and you, and me
and brothers can't you see
this is not the way we put an end to war.”
Universal Soldier
• “I believe that people do want to know each other. I think it's always about the deep longing for respect.”
• “Language and culture cannot be separated. Language is vital to understanding our unique cultural perspectives. Language is a tool that is used to explore and experience our cultures and the perspectives that are embedded in our cultures.”
Edith Spurlock Sampson, a social worker, lawyer and judge, was the first African-American appointed to represent the U.S. at the United Nations and to NATO. She served both Presidents Truman and Eisenhower, and at a high school career day in Houston inspired a young Barbara Jordan to become a lawyer.
Edith Spurlock Sampson quotes ~
• “The question is, quite bluntly, ‘Do Negroes have equal rights in America?’ My answer is no, we do not have equal rights in all parts of the United States. But let's remember that 85 years ago Negroes in America were slaves and were 100 per cent illiterate. And the record shows that the Negro has advanced further in this period than any similar group in the entire world. You here get considerable misinformation about American Negroes and hear little or nothing that is constructive.” 1951
Frederick Sanger b. 8-13-1918; Rendcomb, England
d. 11-19-2013; Cambridge
Biochemist Frederick Sanger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958 and 1980 for work with DNA. Sanger was the fourth person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes (others Marie Curie,Linus Pauling and John Bardeen).
Sanger, who was raised in a Quaker home, was a pacifist and signed the Peace Pledge Union “I renounce war, and am therefore determined not to support any kind of war. I am also determined to work for the removal of all causes of war.”
Margaret Sanger was a birth control activist who gradually won support for a woman to decide how and when she would have children. She was the founder of the American Birth Control League which eventually became Planned Parenthood.
Margaret Sanger quotes ~
• “No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother.”
• “When motherhood becomes the fruit of a deep yearning, not the result of ignorance or accident, its children will become the foundation of a new race.”
Sadako Sasaki was the child victim of the WWII Hiroshima atomic bomb who is world-famous for making many origami cranes. Sadako developed leukemia from the radiation of the bomb and while in the hospital began folding paper into cranes based on the ancient Japanese story that promises anyone who folds a thousand origami cranes will be granted a wish, such as long life or recovery from illness or injury.
Making paper cranes has become an international symbol for peace.
The first Asian to accept the Nobel Peace Prize was Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato “for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation”. He shared the prize with Sean MacBride.
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